ICT : etraining
 

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4. ÊÁѤÃ-Êè§-áÅÐÃѺ E-mail ä´é
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Ãкºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ (Network) ¨Ðàª×èÍÁ⧤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃìà¢éÒ´éÇ¡ѹà¾×èÍ¡ÒõԴµèÍÊ×èÍÊÒà àÃÒÊÒÁÒöÊ觢éÍÁÙÅÀÒÂã¹ÍÒ¤ÒÃ
ËÃ×Í¢éÒÁÃÐËÇèÒ§àÁ×ͧ仨¹¶Ö§ÍÕ¡«Õ¡Ë¹Ö觢ͧâÅ¡ àÃÒÊÒÁÒöÊ觢éÍÁÙÅã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§¢éͤÇÒÁ¡ÃÒ¿Ô¡ àÊÕ§ ËÃ×Í¢éÍÁÙź¹¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì

¡ÒÃÊ觢éÍÁÙÅÇÔ¸Õ¹ÕéàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ â·Ã¤Á¹Ò¤Á (Telecommunications) ËÃ×Í¡ÒÃÊ觢éÍÁÙÅ (Data- Communications) ÍÒ¨àÃÕ¡ÊÑé¹ æ ÇèÒ Datacomms. Telecoms. ËÃ×Í Comms.

¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì·ÕèÍÂÙèã¹Ãкºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¨ÐÁÕÍÂÙèËÅÒª×èÍàÃÕ¡ àªè¹ Networked, Linked Up, Wired ËÃ×Í Online (ºÒ§·Õè¤ÓÇèÒ Online á»ÅÇèÒ à»Ô´à¤Ã×èͧ) Ãкºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒºҧ¤ÃÑé§àÃÕ¡ÊÑé¹ æ ÇèÒ à¹çµ (Net) ¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì·ÕèäÁèä´éà»ç¹Ãкºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ ¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃìàÍ¡à·È (Standalone Computer)

áŹáÅÐáǹ à»ç¹Ãкºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·Õèä´éÃѺ¤ÇÒÁ¹ÔÂÁÁÒ¡·ÕèÊØ´ à¡Ô´¢Ö鹨ҡ¡ÒõèÍàª×èÍÁà¤Ã×èͧ¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃìËÅÒÂà¤Ã×èͧà¢éÒ´éÇ¡ѹ

ÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµ à»ç¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì¹Ò¹ÒªÒµÔ à¡Ô´¨Ò¡¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁµèͧ͢ÃкºáŹ áÅÐáǹà¢éÒ´éÇ¡ѹà»ç¹¨Ó¹Ç¹ÁÒ¡

ÃËÑʼèÒ¹ (Password)

¡Òûé͹¡Ñ¹¢éÍÁÙÅ´éÇÂÃËÑʼèÒ¹ (Password Protection) à»ç¹ÇÔ¸Õ˹Ö觷ÕèäÁèãËé¼ÙéÍ×è¹à¢éÒÁÒÂØè§à¡ÕèÂǡѺ¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèà»ç¹¤ÇÒÁÅѺ â´Â¡Ó˹´ÃËÑʼèÒ¹ (Password) ãËé¾ÔÁ¾ì¡è͹·Õè¨Ðà¢éÒ¶Ö§¢éÍÁÙÅ (access) ¶Ö§áÁéÇèÒ¨ÐÁÕÇÔ¸Õ»éͧ¡Ñ¹ áµè¡çÂѧÁչѡ¡è͡ǹ¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì áͺ¢âÁ¢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèà»ç¹¤ÇÒÁÅѺ¨Ò¡Ãкºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂ

Ꮰ(LAN)

à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·éͧ¶Ôè¹ ËÃ×Í áŹ (LAN : Local Area Network) à»ç¹¡ÒõèÍàª×èÍÁ¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì·ÕèÍÂÙè㹺ÃÔàdzËéͧËÃ×ÍÀÒÂã¹ÍÒ¤ÒÃà¢éÒ´éÇ¡ѹ ÎÒÃì´áÇÃì áµèÅЪÔé¹·Õè¹ÓÁÒµèÍã¹ÃкºáŹ àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ â˹´ (Node) ¹Í¡¨Ò¡à¤Ã×èͧ¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃìáÅéÇÂѧÃÇÁ¶Ö§à¤Ã×èͧ¾ÔÁ¾ì à¤Ã×èͧÇÒ´ÀÒ¾ áÅÐÍØ»¡Ã³ìµè;èǧµèÍ æ »Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹áŹÁÕÍÂÙèËÅÒª¹Ô´ àªè¹ token ring LAN,  star LAN, bus LAN, snowflake LAN, optical LAN áÅÐ Ethernet LAN

 

áǹ (WAN)

à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¡ÇéÒ§ä¡Å ËÃ×Í áǹ (WAN : Wide Area Network) à»ç¹à¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì·ÕèÁÕ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁ⧡ѹ¡ÇéÒ§¡ÇèÒáŹ

áǹºÒ§Ãкº¨ÐãªéâÁà´çÁ㹡ÒÃÊ觢éÍÁÙÅ´éÇÂÊÒÂâ·ÃÈѾ·ì ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Ñé¹¢èÒÇÊÒÃÊÒÁÒöÊè§ä»ã¹ÃÙ»ÊÑ­­Ò³ÇÔ·ÂØ «Ö觤Å×è¹ÇÔ·ÂبÐÊè§ä»Âѧ´ÒÇà·ÕÂÁà¾×èÍ¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ (Communications satellite) áÅÐÊ觡ÅѺŧÁÒÂѧà¤Ã×èͧÃѺ»ÅÒ·ҧ

 

ÊÒÂà¤àºÔÅà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂ

ã¹Ãкºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÁÕÊÒÂà¤àºÔÅËÅÒÂẺ·Õèãªé㹡ÒõèÍàª×èÍÁ àªè¹ ÊÒÂà¤àºÔÅËØéÁ©¹Ç¹ (Coaxial cable) ¹ÔÂÁãªé¡ÑºáŹÁÕÊÒ·Õè¿Ñè¹à¡ÅÕÂÇ 2 ÊÒ ËèÍËØéÁ´éÇ©¹Ç¹àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ ªÕÅ´ì (shield) ¶éÒà»ç¹áººË¹Ò¨ÐãªéÊÓËÃѺÊ觢éÍÁÙÅÃÐÂзҧä¡Å ËÃ×ͶéÒà»ç¹áºººÒ§¨ÐãªéÊÓËÃѺÊ觢éÍÁÙÅÃÐÂÐã¡Åé ÊÑ­­Ò³¨Ò¡ÊÒÂà¤àºÔÅ˹Öè§ÊÒÁÒöä»Ãº¡Ç¹à¤àºÔÅàÊé¹Í×è¹ æ
ä´é·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁàÊÕÂËÒ¡Ѻ¢éÍÁÙÅ (Corrupting) ¡ÒÃú¡Ç¹´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ crosstalk

áǹ¨ÐãªéÊÒÂâ·ÃÈѾ·ì㹡ÒÃÊ觢éÍÁÙÅ µèÍÁÒãªéàÊé¹ã¹Óáʧ (Fiberoptic cable) «Ö觷Ó
¨Ò¡ãÂá¡éÇ (optical fiber) ¢¹Ê觢éÍÁÙÅ´éÇÂÊÑ­­Ò³áʧ᷹ÊÑ­­Ò³ä¿¿éÒ

âÁà´çÁ (Modem)

âÁà´çÁ (modem ÂèÍÁÒ¨Ò¡ Modulate/DEModulate) ËÁÒ¶֧ÍØ»¡Ã³ì·Õèãªé¡Ñº¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃìà¾×èÍ¡ÒõԴµèÍÊ×èÍÊÒÃâ´Â¼èÒ¹·Ò§ÊÒÂâ·ÃÈѾ·ì ¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì¨ÐÊ觢éÍÁÙÅã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§ÊÑ­­Ò³´Ô¨ÔµÍÅ (digital signal) âÁà´çÁ¨Ðà»ÅÕè¹ (modulate) ãËéà»ç¹¢éÍÁÙÅã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§ÊÑ­­Ò³Í¹ÒÅçÍ¡ (analog signal) áÅÐÊè§ä»Âѧ¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì»ÅÒ·ҧ«Ö觵éͧÁÕâÁà´çÁÍÕ¡µÑÇ˹Ö觶ʹÃËÑÊ (demodulate ËÃ×Í decode)
¡ÅѺà»ç¹ÊÑ­­Ò³´Ô¨ÔµÍÅÍÕ¡¤ÃÑé§Ë¹Öè§

Duplex transmission ËÁÒ¶֧âÁà´çÁÊÒÁÒöÊè§ÊÑ­­Ò³ä´é 2 Ẻ ¤×Í âÁà´çÁ·ÕèÊè§ÊÑ­­Ò³ä»/¡ÅѺä´éÍÂèÒ§µèÍà¹×èͧ¾ÃéÍÁ¡Ñ¹ (full-duplex modem) ÂѧÁÕ fax/modem «Ö觨ÐÊ觢éÍÁÙÅ·Õèà»ç¹àÍ¡ÊÒà ËÃ×ÍÀÒ¾¼èÒ¹à¤Ã×èͧâ·ÃÊÒà (facsimile ËÃ×Í fax machine) áÅéǾÔÁ¾ìÍÍ¡ÁÒ㹡ÃдÒÉ

ÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµ

ÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµ (internet) ËÃ×Í à¹çµ (net) à»ç¹Ãкºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂ¹Ò¹ÒªÒµÔ à¡Ô´¨Ò¡à¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÂèÍ æ ÁÕºÃÔ¡ÒÃÁÒ¡ÁÒÂÊÓËÃѺ·Ø¡¤¹·ÕèµÔ´µè͡ѺÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµ ËÃ×Í on the net ÊÒÁÒöãªéÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµÊ觨´ËÁҤءѺà¾×è͹ æ ¤Ñ´ÅÍ¡á¿éÁ¢éÍÁÙÅáÅÐâ»Ãá¡ÃÁ¨Ò¡¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃìà¤Ã×èͧÍ×è¹ ÃÇÁ·Ñ駤é¹ËÒ¢éÍÁÙÅÊÒÃʹà·È¨Ò¡áËÅ觢éÍÁÙÅ·ÑèÇâÅ¡ä«àºÍÃìຫ (cyberspace) ËÁÒ¶֧ ¡ÒèԹµ¹Ò¡ÒÃä»ã¹ÍÇ¡ÒÈ ¤×ÍàÁ×èÍãªéÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµäÁèÇèÒÍÂÙè·Õèã´¡çµÒÁÊÒÁÒöà´Ô¹·Ò§àÊÁ×͹ (virtual journey) ä»ÃͺâÅ¡â´Â¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁµè͡Ѻʶҹ·ÕèµèÒ§ æ

ÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµà¡Ô´¢Ö鹨ҡÃкºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·ҧ¡Ò÷ËÒâͧÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò ·ÕèàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ DARPANET (Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency NET work) µèÍÁÒà»ÅÕè¹à»ç¹ ARPANET «Öè§à»ç¹Ãкºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ·Õè»ÃѺ»ÃاãËÁèà¾×èÍãËéÁÕ»ÃÐ⪹ìÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ µèÍÁÒä´é¡è͵Ñé§ NSFNET (National Science Foundation NET work) ¢Öé¹à¾×èÍãËéͧ¤ì¡Ã¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒáÅÐÇÔ¨ÑÂãªé ã¹»Õ ¤.È. 1990 ¤¹·ÑèÇä»ÊÒÁÒöà¢éÒÁÒãªéºÃÔ¡ÒÃä´éáÅÐà»ç¹»Õ·ÕèÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµ¡Óà¹Ô´¢Öé¹ ÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµã¹»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹ÂѧäÁèÁÕ

¡®à¡³±ì㹡ÒäǺ¤ØÁáµè NSF á¹Ð¹ÓãËéÁÕ¢éͺѧ¤ÑºÊÓËÃѺ¼ÙéãªéÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ¹âºÒ¡ÒÃãªé§Ò¹·ÕèÊÒÁÒöÂÍÁÃѺä´é (acceptable use policy)

¡ÒõԴµèÍ

¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì·Ø¡à¤Ã×èͧ·Õèàª×èÍÁµè͡ѺÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµ àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ âÎʵì (host) áÅÐÃкºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ áŹ ËÃ×Íáǹ ·Õèàª×èÍÁµè͡ѺÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ ä«µì (site) à¤Ã×Í¢èÒºҧª¹Ô´â´Â੾ÒÐà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¢ͧÀÒ¤ÃÑ°ºÒÅ áÅÐÀÒ¤¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒà»ç¹¡ÒõԴµèÍẺ¶ÒÇà (dedicated connection) ¤×Í àª×èÍÁµèÍÃÐËÇèҧ䫵ì¡Ñºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒÂÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµÍÂÙèµÅÍ´àÇÅÒ

¶éÒ¼ÙéãªéäÁèä´éÍÂÙè㹡ÒÃàª×èÍÁµèÍẺ¶ÒÇà ¡çÊÒÁÒöâ·Ãà¢éÒä»ËÒ (hook Up) ËÃ×͵Դµè͡ѺÃкºà¤Ã×Í¢èÒ¢ͧ¼ÙéãËéºÃÔ¡ÒÃÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµ (service provider) â´ÂµéͧàÊÕ¤èÒºÃÔ¡ÒõÒÁ·Õè¡Ó˹´ ¼ÙéãªéÊÒÁÒöãªéºÃÔ¡ÒÃÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµä´éËÅÒ·ҧ ¤×Í

1. Dial-in connection ¤×Í ¡ÒÃàª×èÍÁµèÍâ´ÂµÃ§¡ÑºÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµ ÇÔ¸Õ¹ÕéºÃÔÉÑ·¨ÐÁÕÊÒµçàª×èÍÁµè͡ѺÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµâ´ÂãªéâÁà´çÁ ËÃ×ÍäÍàÍÊ´ÕàÍç¹ àÃÒÊÒÁÒöËÁعâ·ÃÈѾìµè͵ç¡ÑºÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµä´éàÅÂ

2.Dial-up (terminal) connection ¤×Í ¡Òõè͡Ѻà¤Ã×èͧ¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì»ÅÒ·ҧ ÇÔ¸Õ¹ÕéºÃÔÉÑ·¨ÐäÁèÁÕÊÒµçàª×èÍÁµèÍÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµ áµèµÔ´µèͼèÒ¹Ãкº¤ÍÁ¾ÔÇàµÍÃì·ÕèàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ gateway

3.Mail-only connection ¤×Í ¡ÒõԴµèÍ·Ò§¨´ËÁÒÂÍÔàÅç¡·Ã͹ԡÊìà·èÒ¹Ñé¹ ¢éÍÁÙŨÐÊ觼èÒ¹â»ÃⵤÍÅ (protocol) à»ç¹ÇÔ¸Õá¡¢éÍÁÙÅÍÍ¡à»ç¹ªÔé¹ æ  àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ¡ÅØèÁ¢éÍÁÙÅ (data packet) ËÃ×ÍãÊè¢éÍÁÙÅã¹ÃËÑÊÍÔàÅç¡·Ã͹ԡÊì àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ «Í§¨´ËÁÒ (envelope) ¢éÍÁÙŨÐà´Ô¹·Ò§ä»¶Ö§·ÕèËÁÒÂÍÂèÒ§»ÅÍ´ÀÑÂ

¨´ËÁÒÂÍÔàÅç¡·Ã͹ԡÊì

ÍÔàÁÅì ËÃ×Í ÍÕ-àÁÅì (email ËÃ×Í e-mail) ÂèÍÁÒ¨Ò¡ ¨´ËÁÒÂÍÔàÅç¡·Ã͹ԡÊì (electronic mail) à»ç¹¡ÒÃÊ觢èÒÇÊÒú¹ÍÔàµÍÃìà¹çµ ¤¹ÊèǹãË­èãªéÍÕàÁÅì㹡ÒÃÊ觨´ËÁÒ à¾ÃÒлÃÐËÂÑ´áÅÐÃÇ´àÃçÇ¡ÇèÒ ¨´ËÁÒÂËÍ·ҡ (snail mail) ËÃ×Í¡ÒÃÊè§ËÁÒÂẺ¸ÃÃÁ´Ò ¼ÙéãªéÊÒÁÒöÊ觢èÒÇÊÒÃã¹ÃٻẺ¡ÃÒ¿Ô¡ àÊÕ§ áÅÐÇÕ´ÔâÍ â´ÂãªéÃкº MIME (Multi-purposes Internet Mail Extensions) ¤×ÍÃкº¡ÒâÂÒ¼ŻÃÐ⪹ìËÅÒÂẺ㹡ÒÃÊ觨´ËÁÒÂÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµ

¼Ùé·ÕèãªéÍÔ¹àµÍÃìà¹çµ¨ÐÁÕ·ÕèÍÂÙè (email address) ÊÓËÃѺ¡ÒÃÊè§áÅÐÃѺÍÕàÁÅì »ÃСͺ´éÇ ª×èͼÙéãªé (user name) µÒÁ´éÇÂÊÑ­Åѡɳì @ (ËÁÒ¶֧ ·Õè  “at” µÒÁ´éÇ·ÕèÍÂÙè «Ö觨ÐáÊ´§»ÃÐà·ÈáÅÐʶҹ·Õè (domain ËÃ×Í subdomain) àªè¹ edu (ËÃ×Í ac) ËÁÒ¶֧ʶҹÈÖ¡ÉÒ co ËÃ×Í com (¾Ò³ÔªÂì) ËÃ×Í org (ͧ¤ì¡ÒÃ)

ÊèǹËÑǢͧÍÕàÁÅì (email header) ¨ÐÍÂÙèÊèǹº¹¢Í§ÍÕàÁÅì à»ç¹Êèǹ·Õèà¡çºàÊé¹·Ò§¡ÒÃÊ觢èÒÇÊÒà ¶éÒÍÕàÁÅìÊ觡ÅѺà¾ÃÒÐäÁè¶Ö§¼ÙéÃѺ (bounce) ËÃ×͵¡ËÅè¹ä»¨Ð¶Ù¡Ê觡ÅѺÁÒÂѧ¼ÙéÊè§ ãËé´Ù·ÕèÊèǹËÑÇÇèÒ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´¾ÅÒ´à¡Ô´¨Ò¡ÍÐäÃã¹ÊÒú¹¢Í§á¿éÁ¢éÍÁÙÅÍ͹äŹì (online directory) «Öè§à»ç¹ÃÒ¡Ò÷ÕèÍÂÙè¢Í§¼ÙéãªéÍÕàÁÅì ¼ÙéãªéÊÒÁÒöãªéÍÕàÁÅìÊ觢éͤÇÒÁµÍºâµé¡Ñ¹ã¹¡ÅØèÁ â´ÂÊÁÒªÔ¡·Ø¡¤¹
¨ÐµéͧÁÕ·ÕèÍÂÙèà¡çºäÇéàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ ÃÒª×èÍä»ÃɳÕÂì (mailing list) ·ÓãËéÊÒÁÒöÊ觢éͤÇÒÁ件֧ã¤Ã¡çä´é·ÕèÁÕÃÒª×èÍÍÂÙèã¹ÃÒª×èÍä»ÃɳÕÂì

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